Question
What are colligative properties?
Answer
Vapor pressure lowering
Boiling point elevation
Freezing point depression
Osmotic pressure
Depend on solute particles, not identity
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Question
Describe orbital theory
Answer
s orbital: spherical
p orbital: dumbbell shaped
d orbital: complex shapes
Aufbau principle fills lowest energy first
Hund's rule maximizes unpaired electrons
Question
Define solution properties
Answer
Solute: dissolved substance
Solvent: dissolving medium
Solubility: max dissolved amount
Saturated: max concentration
Supersaturated: unstable excess
Question
What are intermolecular forces?
Answer
Van der Waals (weakest)
Dipole-dipole
Hydrogen bonding (strongest)
London dispersion
Ion-dipole
Question
Define atomic structure
Answer
Nucleus (protons + neutrons)
Electrons in shells
Atomic number = protons
Mass number = protons + neutrons
Isotopes = same protons, different neutrons